London CNN —
The UK government and the country’s biggest banks met Friday in a bid to defuse a looming mortgage crisis that threatens hardship for millions and represents a huge political headache for Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.
The lenders — which account for more than three-quarters of the UK mortgage market — have agreed, among other measures, to give borrowers who default on their mortgages a 12-month grace period before repossessing their homes, the UK Treasury announced.
As interest rates soar toward levels not seen in more than 20 years, borrowers will also be able to reduce their monthly payments — for example, by extending the term of the loan — without that affecting their credit scores.
Jeremy Hunt, the UK finance minister, said in a statement the “measures should offer comfort to those who are anxious about high interest rates and support for those who do get into difficulty.”
The meeting was attended by the chief executives of the country’s biggest lenders, including HSBC (HSBC), Lloyds Banking Group (LYG) and Barclays (BCS).
Sarah Coles, head of personal finance at Hargreaves Lansdown, an investment services provider, told CNN that the measures were a “step forward” but still came at a cost for borrowers.
“If you extend the period of the mortgage, you will be paying interest for longer — so it will cost less each month but more in total,” she said.
Mortgage pain
The announcement comes a day after the Bank of England raised interest rates by half a percentage point to help bring down stubborn inflation. That was the 13th hike in the cost of borrowing for commercial banks since December 2021. It now stands at 5%, the highest level since April 2008, and could end the year at 6% — a two-decade high.
More than 2 million UK mortgage holders paying a fixed interest rate are facing an increase of hundreds of pounds in monthly repayments when they are forced to refinance this year and next.
So much so that more than a million households — or about 4% of all households in the country — are likely to see their savings wiped out by the end of the year by higher mortgage bills, according to estimates by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
“The rise in repayments on top of existing impacts from the cost-of-living crisis will likely push hundreds of thousands of households over the edge of insolvency,” Max Mosley, an economist at NIESR, said in the briefing note released Thursday.
Jake Berry, a lawmaker from the ruling Conservative Party, pressed the government Tuesday about the “mortgage bomb about to go off.”
Sunak is caught in a bind. He has promised to halve inflation and get the economy growing by the end of the year. To achieve the first goal, he needs the Bank of England to keep hiking interest rates. But rocketing mortgage bills could tip the UK economy into a recession as homeowners cut back spending in other areas.
Other than encouraging lenders to relax their repayment terms, the government has few options. It has ruled out offering subsidies or tax breaks to affected mortgage holders, saying that would fuel inflation — which could lead to even higher interest rates, compounding the problem.
Many borrowers bought their homes when mortgage rates were closer to 1% or 2%.
But, this week, the interest on the average two-year fixed-rate mortgage rose above 6%, according to financial product comparison website Moneyfacts.
That’s the highest since the start of December when the mortgage market was still feeling the impact of the disastrous “mini” budget conceived by former Prime Minister Liz Truss.
If mortgage rates remain at that level, households will spend almost £280 ($356) more on their mortgage each month on average, compared with what they were paying in March 2022, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies. Those aged 30-39 will pay nearly £360 ($458) more.
Brexit partly to blame?
Consumer price inflation in the United Kingdom remained stuck at 8.7% in May, defying forecasts that it would tick down. Core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy costs, rose to hit a 31-year high of 7.1%.
That sets the country apart from other major economies, including the United States, where on both measures inflation has started to ease.
Seven years to the day since the UK narrowly voted to leave the European Union, some former Bank of England policymakers blame Brexit for the divergence.
Former central bank Governor Mark Carney told The Daily Telegraph newspaper last week that Brexit was a “unique aspect” of the UK economy that helped explain why its inflation remained so high.
“We laid out in advance of Brexit that [it would create] a negative supply shock for a period of time and the consequence of that will be a weaker pound, higher inflation and weaker growth,” he said.
Then, on Thursday, a former deputy governor at the central bank, Charlie Bean, told BBC Radio 4 that Brexit had made it much harder for UK companies to hire workers at short notice from abroad.
Britain has a “tighter” labor market than its European peers, he said, which was putting upward pressure on wages and, as a result, fueling inflation.
After the latest rise in interest rates Thursday, Hunt said the government would “stick to [its] guns” on keeping rates high to tame high prices.
“Our resolve to do this is watertight because it is the only long-term way to relieve pressure on families with mortgages. If we don’t act now, it will be worse later.”
CNN
A.I. has a discrimination problem. In banking, the consequences can be severe
AMSTERDAM — Artificial intelligence has a racial bias problem.
From biometric identification systems that disproportionately misidentify the faces of Black people and minorities, to applications of voice recognition software that fail to distinguish voices with distinct regional accents, AI has a lot to work on when it comes to discrimination.
And the problem of amplifying existing biases can be even more severe when it comes to banking and financial services.
Deloitte notes that AI systems are ultimately only as good as the data they’re given: Incomplete or unrepresentative datasets could limit AI’s objectivity, while biases in development teams that train such systems could perpetuate that cycle of bias.
A.I. can be dumb
Nabil Manji, head of crypto and Web3 at Worldpay by FIS, said a key thing to understand about AI products is that the strength of the technology depends a lot on the source material used to train it.
“The thing about how good an AI product is, there’s kind of two variables,” Manji told CNBC in an interview. “One is the data it has access to, and second is how good the large language model is. That’s why the data side, you see companies like Reddit and others, they’ve come out publicly and said we’re not going to allow companies to scrape our data, you’re going to have to pay us for that.”
As for financial services, Manji said a lot of the back-end data systems are fragmented in different languages and formats.
“None of it is consolidated or harmonized,” he added. “That is going to cause AI-driven products to be a lot less effective in financial services than it might be in other verticals or other companies where they have uniformity and more modern systems or access to data.”
Manji suggested that blockchain, or distributed ledger technology, could serve as a way to get a clearer view of the disparate data tucked away in the cluttered systems of traditional banks.
However, he added that banks — being the heavily regulated, slow-moving institutions that they are — are unlikely to move with the same speed as their more nimble tech counterparts in adopting new AI tools.
“You’ve got Microsoft and Google, who like over the last decade or two have been seen as driving innovation. They can’t keep up with that speed. And then you think about financial services. Banks are not known for being fast,” Manji said.
Banking’s A.I. problem
Rumman Chowdhury, Twitter’s former head of machine learning ethics, transparency and accountability, said that lending is a prime example of how an AI system’s bias against marginalized communities can rear its head.
“Algorithmic discrimination is actually very tangible in lending,” Chowdhury said on a panel at Money20/20 in Amsterdam. “Chicago had a history of literally denying those [loans] to primarily Black neighborhoods.”
In the 1930s, Chicago was known for the discriminatory practice of “redlining,” in which the creditworthiness of properties was heavily determined by the racial demographics of a given neighborhood.
“There would be a giant map on the wall of all the districts in Chicago, and they would draw red lines through all of the districts that were primarily African American, and not give them loans,” she added.
“Fast forward a few decades later, and you are developing algorithms to determine the riskiness of different districts and individuals. And while you may not include the data point of someone’s race, it is implicitly picked up.”
Indeed, Angle Bush, founder of Black Women in Artificial Intelligence, an organization aiming to empower Black women in the AI sector, tells CNBC that when AI systems are specifically used for loan approval decisions, she has found that there is a risk of replicating existing biases present in historical data used to train the algorithms.
“This can result in automatic loan denials for individuals from marginalized communities, reinforcing racial or gender disparities,” Bush added.
“It is crucial for banks to acknowledge that implementing AI as a solution may inadvertently perpetuate discrimination,” she said.
Frost Li, a developer who has been working in AI and machine learning for more than a decade, told CNBC that the “personalization” dimension of AI integration can also be problematic.
“What’s interesting in AI is how we select the ‘core features’ for training,” said Li, who founded and runs Loup, a company that helps online retailers integrate AI into their platforms. “Sometimes, we select features unrelated to the results we want to predict.”
When AI is applied to banking, Li says, it’s harder to identify the “culprit” in biases when everything is convoluted in the calculation.
“A good example is how many fintech startups are especially for foreigners, because a Tokyo University graduate won’t be able to get any credit cards even if he works at Google; yet a person can easily get one from community college credit union because bankers know the local schools better,” Li added.
Generative AI is not usually used for creating credit scores or in the risk scoring of consumers.
“That is not what the tool was built for,” said Niklas Guske, chief operating officer at Taktile, a startup that helps fintechs automate decision-making.
Instead, Guske said the most powerful applications are in pre-processing unstructured data such as text files — like classifying transactions.
“Those signals can then be fed into a more traditional underwriting model,” said Guske. “Therefore, Generative AI will improve the underlying data quality for such decisions rather than replace common scoring processes.”
But it’s also difficult to prove. Apple and Goldman Sachs, for example, were accused of giving women lower limits for the Apple Card. But these claims were dismissed by the New York State Department of Financial Services after the regulator found no evidence of discrimination based on sex.
The problem, according to Kim Smouter, director of the group European Network Against Racism, is that it can be challenging to substantiate whether AI-based discrimination has actually taken place.
“One of the difficulties in the mass deployment of AI,” he said, “is the opacity in how these decisions come about and what redress mechanisms exist were a racialized individual to even notice that there is discrimination.”
“Individuals have little knowledge of how AI systems work and that their individual case may, in fact, be the tip of a systems-wide iceberg. Accordingly, it’s also difficult to detect specific instances where things have gone wrong,” he added.
Smouter cited the example of the Dutch child welfare scandal, in which thousands of benefit claims were wrongfully accused of being fraudulent. The Dutch government was forced to resign after a 2020 report found that victims were “treated with an institutional bias.”
This, Smouter said, “demonstrates how quickly such dysfunctions can spread and how difficult it is to prove them and get redress once they are discovered and in the meantime significant, often irreversible damage is done.”
Policing A.I.’s biases
Chowdhury says there is a need for a global regulatory body, like the United Nations, to address some of the risks surrounding AI.
Though AI has proven to be an innovative tool, some technologists and ethicists have expressed doubts about the technology’s moral and ethical soundness. Among the top worries industry insiders expressed are misinformation; racial and gender bias embedded in AI algorithms; and “hallucinations” generated by ChatGPT-like tools.
“I worry quite a bit that, due to generative AI, we are entering this post-truth world where nothing we see online is trustworthy — not any of the text, not any of the video, not any of the audio, but then how do we get our information? And how do we ensure that information has a high amount of integrity?” Chowdhury said.
Now is the time for meaningful regulation of AI to come into force — but knowing the amount of time it will take regulatory proposals like the European Union’s AI Act to take effect, some are concerned this won’t happen fast enough.
“We call upon more transparency and accountability of algorithms and how they operate and a layman’s declaration that allows individuals who are not AI experts to judge for themselves, proof of testing and publication of results, independent complaints process, periodic audits and reporting, involvement of racialized communities when tech is being designed and considered for deployment,” Smouter said.
The AI Act, the first regulatory framework of its kind, has incorporated a fundamental rights approach and concepts like redress, according to Smouter, adding that the regulation will be enforced in approximately two years.
“It would be great if this period can be shortened to make sure transparency and accountability are in the core of innovation,” he said.
CNBC